CIVILSEWA - A Platform for Civil Service Aspirants

Key Doctrine: Parliamentary = Fusion of Powers | Presidential = Strict Separation of Powers. Collective Responsibility: Article 75(3) specifies responsibility only to the Lok Sabha , not Parliament as a whole. Six-Month Rule: Non-members can hold ministerial posts for up to 6 months (Articles 75(5) and 164(4)). Republic vs. Monarchy: India has an elected Head of State; the UK has a hereditary monarch. Legal Status: The Parliamentary System is protected under the Basic Structure Doctrine (Kesavananda Bharati, 1973). Advisory Check: The Swaran Singh Committee (1976) explicitly turned down proposals to move to a presidential model. Article 74(1): Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister aids and advises the President. The 42nd Amendment (1976) made this advice binding; the 44th Amendment (1978) permitted the President to return advice once for reconsideration, after which it is strictly binding. Article 75(3): The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible specific...

Introduction Democratic systems across the world are classified primarily by how their executive and legislative branches interact. The constitutional relationship between the organ that formulates laws (the legislature) and the organ that implements them (the executive) determines whether a democracy operates as a Parliamentary system or a Presidential system . While the United Kingdom, India, Canada, and Australia function under parliamentary governance, nations such as the United States, Brazil, and Argentina rely on presidential frameworks. Understanding these institutional divides, constitutional checks, and operational trade-offs is a fundamental requirement for civil service and government competitive examinations, notably UPSC Civil Services (Prelims & Mains GS-II) , SSC CGL (General Awareness) , and State PSCs . The Parliamentary System (Westminster Model / Responsible Government) Often termed the Cabinet Government or the Responsible Government , t...

The Foreign Currency Non-Resident (Bank) —or FCNR(B) —deposit scheme is a term-deposit instrument regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999 and Section 35A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 . The Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs), and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) can open fixed term deposits in designated foreign currencies with authorized commercial banks in India. In Indian macroeconomic policy, the FCNR(B) scheme acts as a critical Capital Account instrument used to bolster foreign exchange reserves, absorb external sector shocks, and stabilize the Balance of Payments (BoP). Evolution and Historical Context FCNR(B) Scheme w as first Introduced on May 15, 1993, replacing the original FCNR(A) scheme (introduced in 1975).  In the FCNR(A) Scheme, the foreign exchange risk was borne by RBI and subsequently by the Govt. of India.  The FCNR(A) scheme was withdrawn in A...